Increased Hiv Among Marrieds - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1423 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Among married couples, an individual’s perceived and actual risks of being infected with HIV are closely intertwined with his or her spouse’s. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads to the general population, a large and increasing proportion of HIV transmissions occur within marriage (Bongaarts 1996). Indeed, discordant couples (i. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Increased Hiv Among Marrieds" essay for you Create order e. couples where only one partner is infected with HIV) represent the majority of HIV-infected couples in sub-Saharan Africa (de Walque 2007), and a large proportion of new HIV infections in this region occurs within discordant couples in longterm stable partnerships (Dunkle et al. 008; Hudson 1996;) Robinson et al. 1999). Although both husbands and wives are at risk of contracting HIV from their spouse, cultural, social and biological gender inequalities render women particularly vulnerable to transmission from their husbands (Gilbert and Walker 2002; Heise and Elias 1995). First, gender-based norms in which it is more permissible for men than for women to have extramarital sexual partners make it more likely that men will bring HIV into the union after marriage. According to Asunta Wagura, Executive Director Kenya Network of Women Living with AIDS, There are several reasons married women and girls are at increased risk of HIV/AIDS, including; They often are powerless in decisions to have sex or use a condom, Women who are married and faithful to their husbands are at risk of HIV infection because their husband move on with other women who may be infected with HIV. In Uganda, the highest rates of increase of HIV transmission occur among married women. Though marriage may appear to offer sexual health benefits for women, research in Kenya and Zambia revealed that this is not always the case. Married women are particularly at risk if their husbands have extramarital affairs or inject drugs and neglect to use condoms. ( Asunta Wagura,2008) More than 50 million married girls are 17 years of age or younger. Because married girls more frequently have unprotected sex with their husbands, who are older and more sexually experienced, their risk of HIV infection is high. They may experience violence in their relationships with men that result in unwanted or coerced sexual intercourse. In Zambia, Kenya and South Africa, 20 to 25 percent of women reported that their first sexual experience involved physical force. Women and girls have greater biological susceptibility to HIV infection. Male-to-female transmission of the virus is twice as likely as female-to-male. Tears and lesions, resulting from forced sexual encounters, increase the likelihood of HIV transmission, especially among younger married women and girls. They face social and economic inequities that reduce access to education, prevention and treatment services, and increase the likelihood that they will marry at a young age. Poor girls are often unable to access education, which decreases their access to productive employment. They are often denied the protection of property and inheritance rights. A young woman’s HIV infection or the death of her husband from AIDS may leave her without a home, unable to support herself and her children. Without job skills – or the opportunity to acquire skills – women and girls may resort to transactional or commercial sex to provide for themselves and their families, greatly heightening the risk of contracting HIV. More than 85 percent of pregnant women with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. Life-saving drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV have not been available, resulting in about half a million newborns that have become infected. They may lack knowledge of HIV, In Burkina Faso, Haiti, Mozambique and Nigeria; four in five women lack a basic understanding of HIV/AIDS. Only two-thirds of young women in West and East Africa and Central Asia knew that a person infected with HIV can appear to be healthy. The reason for concern is the increased mobility of the productive people, particularly married men within and outside the country. Most of these migrants lived alone, keeping their spouses at village homes. These married people who remained away from families are among the high risk groups who go for unsafe sex leading to infections like STIs and HIV. The majority of married men reported unprotected sex with a sex worker, street girl, Or another man in the past month, and several also reported injecting drugs. Almost all of these men had sex with their wives in the previous week. Even if none of the women had any risk behavior besides having sex with their husbands, a total of two thirds would have been exposed to the risk of STIs, Commercial sex is still widespread. Women work in brothels, in hotels and in their own homes they meet clients on the streets or at massage parlors, beauty parlors, or over the telephone. The clients are equally diverse. They range from the unemployed, laborers and transportation workers to students, civil servants and businessmen. Some are married and many have large numbers of sex partners, both paid and unpaid. Sex workers have a higher client turn-over, and consistent condom use during paid sex is rare (depending on the region, 0-12% of sex workers said they used condoms with new clients). In 2005, there were over 105,000 sex workers, both female and male in the country Brothel-based female sex workers reportedly see around 18 clients per week, while street-based and hotel-based workers see an average of 17 and 44 clients per week, respectively. Syphilis was observed in 9. 7 percent and 12 percent of female sex workers in Central and South-eastern Bangladesh, respectively. The high rates of syphilis and other STIs confirm the low level of condom use and the presence of other risky sexual behaviors that facilitate the spread of HIV infection. According to tradition, in many parts of Uganda when a man dies, his widow is inherited by his brothers or near male relatives. Wife-inheritance is closely linked to the bride wealth paid by the man upon marrying a woman. The bride price effectively signals that a woman becomes the property of her husband and his clan. Wife inheritance greatly facilitates the spread of HIV/AIDS and has the potential of infecting several families very rapidly: When widows are inherited by their late husbands brother, they risk infecting them as well as their co-wives. If any of the wives has children, they may also be infected with HIV. In some cases, widows whose husbands have died of causes unrelated to HIV/AIDS may become infected with HIV if the brother-in-law is already infected (Bracher et al. 2003; Kelly et al. , 2003) Women find it difficult to control their sexuality. This social reality is affected by the fact that most husbands own property and are engaged in wage labor, whilst a significant proportion of married women depend on material support from husbands (UNDP, 1995). The socialization of women conditions them to be submissive to their husbands even without the corresponding reciprocity of love and resp ect from their husbands. This affects the ability of wives and husbands to live safer lives in order to deal with the risk of HIV/AIDS. In Uganda, a study identified polygamous marriage, practiced by about a third of respondents, as one of three risk factors prevalent among Uganda’s Muslim minority (Kagimu et al. 1995). Ntozi and Lubega (1992) also draw attention to the potential link between polygamy and the spread of HIV since it provided another avenue for sexual networking, that is, apart from premarital sex and a high level of extramarital sexual contacts. Another study draws attention to the unequal sexual mores for males and females which makes the marital or sexual contacts of males such adominant factor of the risk of infection within unions (McGrath et al. 993). The fact that women have very weak bargaining positions in matters of sex, inheritance and continued residence in the marital home after the death of a spouse further restricts their freedom of action (AIDS Health 1992), that is, outside the institution of marriage. In this connection the practice of the levirate and the access of brothers-in -law to the females among the Ankole must be a further complication of the analysis of the link between form of marriage and disease transmission (Ntozi and Kabera 1988) omen’s relatively weak negotiating power within marriage as well as their limited ability to find social and economic support outside of marriage makes it difficult for wives to curtail their spouses’ extramarital sexual activities or to insist on protective measures like condoms with their spouses (Turmen 2003). Other factors may play an indirect role in the HIV status of a married couple by influencing sexual behavior within marriage, such as pregnancy, polygamy or religion [30. Factors such as age, early sexual debut, frequent travel, and extramarital partners may influence HIV concordance by increasing exposure outside marriage

A Creative Classroom Essay - 1444 Words

A Creative Classroom Art education is an essential part of a childs development through life, and much of their learning for life takes place inside the classroom. Those first few years are so incredibly important to the development of each child, and without the creative learning opportunities, children will lack the qualities they need to grow in this world. Art will be something that they will use throughout their life time, so it is imperative to introduce it into their lives early on. This research paper will take a look at how art affects every child, and the importance to keeping art programs active in the growing education systems. The Effects of Art in the Classroom Can you imagine a world without color? A world†¦show more content†¦(americansforthearts.com) Businesses and Art Education Art is a stepping-stone to many things children will strive to do in the future. They will be able to use the skills they learn from creative thinking in jobs and organizations they work in later in life. Art really allows children to build work an incredible work ethic and helps them to complete quality work inside the classroom and out. It stretches their minds and allows for thinking â€Å"outside of the box.† This is very important to businesses who want to hire people with a good grasp on the world and new creative ides. Dr. Joseph M. Calahan,Vice President of the Xerox Foundation has been quoted to say Arts education aids students in skills needed in the workplace: flexibility, the ability to solve problems and communicate; the ability to learn new skills, to be creative and innovative, and to strive for excellence But businesses aren’t the only people in support of art programs inside the classroom. Luckily for America we have support from some very influential people. George Bush and Art Education Fortunately our country is being supported by a president who not only believes in art in the classroom, but also supports it. In a letter written by him for National Arts and Humanities month, he expresses his admiration for the arts programs in schools, and describes the need for art toShow MoreRelatedDeveloping A Creative Classroom At The Center Of Learning1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthe belief, that the arts, offer the students nothing more than ‘play time’ and cannot directly improve the student’s academic performance. Although what I have stated is only my opinion, I have found that my interest lies with developing a creative classroom which places the student at the center of learning, combats the creation of a pressured learning environment, and provides the student with opportunities of social and personal growth. One avenue of student-centered learning is emergent curriculumRead More Creative Writing in the Composition Classroom Essay3578 Words   |  15 Pageswhat good would come of it? In an essay in her collection Colors of a Different Horse, Wendy Bishop says that composition teachers do indeed à ¬need to be crossing the line between composition and creative writing far more often that we doà ® (Bishop 181). Bishop herself has taught both creative writing and composition, and has done both by entering the situation in the mindset of the other. She readily admits that she writes poetry (and not composition), yet she à ¬was formally trained to teachRead MoreIntroduction . Dance And Creative Movement In The Classroom4608 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Dance and creative movement in the classroom are robust teaching tools that ensure students retain and think critically about academic content. â€Å"Creative dance has the potential to open up new worlds for†¦students† (Gilbert p. 3). Incorporating movement into the classroom is simple. First, movement comes naturally to every child born in every culture, according to Jennings (2017). Jennings stated that children naturally move when they hear movement and rhythm. As a mother, I feltRead MoreCreative Media Lecture : A Classroom Environment1928 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the main objectives working as Creative Media lecture is to create a classroom environment that is conducive towards learning while still fostering student creativity. This is balancing act and one which I have been continuously developing since starting in Further Education teaching over a year and a half ago. Sir Ken Robinson (2006) argues that our educational systems â€Å"stigmatise mistakes† and students have â€Å"become frightened of being wrong.† He goes on to argue that our schools are killingRead MoreIntegration Of Creative Movement And Dance Into The General Education Classroom4523 Words   |  19 PagesIntegration of Creative Movement and Dance into the General Education Classroom: A Robust Approach Jessica Stabler Lesley University Graduate School of Education EARARTS Professor May 16, 2017 INTEGRATION OF CREATIVE MOVEMENT 2 Introduction Dance and creative movement in the classroom are robust teaching tools that ensure students retain and think critically about academic content. â€Å"Creative dance has the potential to open up new worlds for†¦students† (Gilbert p. 3). Incorporating movementRead MoreSparking Student Creativity By Patti Drapeau861 Words   |  4 Pagesread because if I am not completely interested and involved in the book it is hard for me to read. I was searching for an hour online until I found this interactive visual book about ways to promote innovative thinking and problem solving in the classroom. I really loved every aspect of this book she used many of her own skills and experiences to craft a novel that was realistic for modern teachers. Throughout the first chapter and the entire book she focuses on the fact that teachers are more interestedRead MoreEncouraging Creative Thinking And Expression870 Words   |  4 PagesEncouraging creative thinking and expression are daily g oals for teachers. Engaging with students is a form of promoting creativity and established a comfortable relationship with the environment that they are in. This is good for the youngster to express his or her interests. The children learn and the teachers gain trust from the student when he or she is allowing them to get familiar with his environment, leading a close relationship with the teacher and the classroom. This makes a more depthRead MoreThe Importance Of Discovering The Talent For Children1124 Words   |  5 Pageson the importance of discovering the talent each child has and ways to nurture the talent or creative the creative side. Art, music and dance are some common forms of creativity; however creative thought appears in almost all aspects of life. This research paper is written on how important creativity is and why is should be nurtured. I also included information on how creativity is valuable in the classroom, at home and also how it’s beneficial in the child’s future. Included are some ways we has teachersRead MoreIn This Age Of High-Stakes Standardized Testing The Idea938 Words   |  4 PagesIn this age of high-stakes standardized testing the idea of creativity in the classroom has become less and less popular. Susan W. Cress and Daniel T. Holm present a compelling case study for keeping creativity in the classroom in â€Å"Creative Endeavors: Inspiring Creativity in a First Grade Classroom† published online April 1, 2015 in the Early Childhood Education Journal. Cress and Holm begin by examining the different introducing us to Ms. P and her class of first graders. They explain Ms. P’sRead MoreIntegration Of Arts And The Arts798 Words   |  4 Pagesarts is critical to a young child’s learning, growth and development. Each of these creative arts allow children to make meaningful connections and retain the information being taught in the classroom. It also allows for children to focus more in the classroom and it improve their behavior as well. Multiple intelligences also play a role in music, movement, and the arts. By using these creative arts in the classroom, educators are able to adapt to children’s specific learning needs. Music, movement

The Slavery Of The Slave Trade - 1987 Words

Talking about southern expansionism would not be complete without the mention of the interstate slave trade. This is most applicable when we talk about one aspect of the slave trade that often gets overlooked, the Atlantic Slave Trade. When mentioning the Atlantic Slave Trade, it is the fact that southerners considered reopening the trade after its dissolution in the beginning of the nineteenth century. Interestingly enough, there were movements by southerners to reopen the Atlantic Slave Trade that were in the name of southern expansion. One such individual was a man by the name of Leonidas Spratt, a young South Carolinian editor who bought the Charleston Southern Standard and turned it into a mouthpiece for promoting the issue of reopening the Atlantic Slave Trade (Deyle 78-79). One of the many arguments individuals like Spratt used was that reopening the trade would enhance the political power of the south by adding more population, thus adding more slave states. This is central t o the idea of this essay, as the growth of cotton was not entirely responsible for instigating expansion. Likewise, Spratt also argued that reopening the trade â€Å"strengthen[ed] the southern economy by lowering the costs of production and increasing the profits† (Deyle 79). While not explicitly mentioning cotton, the same idea of expansion stands in its place. Individuals like Spratt were eventually unsuccessful in reopening the trade due to a minimal amount of support, but it goes to show how evenShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Slave Trade1436 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery has been documented and has been part of the world for a very extensive time. Slaves as well-defined by numerous of individual’s state that slaves were a group of individuals who were legally bought and soon after, became the property of an owner and were forced to obey. No one knows when slavery actually came about, but we do know that it existed. So this being said, today I will be talking about the slave trade, comparing the differences of being an African slave and American slave, asRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe slave trade, which was once a legal part of the American constitution, has for many years become a form of piracy because it takes away the basic human rights of any person. The Atlantic slave trade was originated in West Africa and became a systematic institution in American and European economies. This plague brought about an inevitable existence of the nations greatest political conflict. The slave trade evoked heartbreak, and a horror to society as the nation became split over puritan valuesRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1328 Words   |  6 Pagesamounts of workers for cultivation infrastructure. For this reason, American settlers began the transatlantic slave trade trade. Christianity played an important role in advocating for the morality of the slave trade (Ri chard). In order to drive the slave industry, pastors across America used the traditions and stories found in the Bible to endorse and even encourage the practice of slavery. At this time, America was seeing ever dividing sects of protestantism. There were countless institutions anywhereRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe phenomenon of new world slavery was a well-run business and the slaves were the product. Slavery was one of the few industries in history where assets exceeded liability and owner’s equity, which is an unusual occurrence considering the equation is normally that assets equal liability and owner’s equity. Throughout this essay, the rise of slavery and the slave trade will be explained and slavery will be illustrated as the product of a domino effect. Slavery was a process and it took many peopleRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe word slave is well-defined as an individual detained in se rvitude as the chattel of another, or one that is wholly impassive to a ruling power (American Heritage dictionary of the English language, 2011). The most renowned circumstances of slavery materialized throughout the settling of the United States of America. From 1619 until July 1st 1928 slavery was acceptable within United States of America the Slavery protestors endeavoured to end slavery, which at some point; they were effective atRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade was about importing and exporting of commodities such as sugar, cotton and humans beings (slaves) which would be considered the most valuable product. A slave is defined as a person being held in servitude as the chattel (property) of another; one that is completely subservient to a dominating influence.† (Merriam-Webster) According to Paul Lovejoy â€Å"slavery was one form of exploitation. Its special characteristics included the idea that slaves were property; that theyRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1295 Words   |  6 Pagesyou a few examples of how Atlantic slave trade came to be. What would be significant about it is that the laws, and rules that existed for the slave trade, were slightly confusing. Example not everyone knew or would agree to slave trade, the vast argument was whether slavery was a necessity or not and who would be considered a slave. Some say that without slaves, they would not get the proper work done such as field work is an example. Also others argued that slavery was not needed. As a result of theRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of the domestic slave trade because of the need for slaves in the tobacco planting lands. Many landowners and planters looked towards the Chesapeake area to seek for slaves. Many slave owners started looking towards that region because the International Slave Trade had been blockaded off. The domestic slave trade began something d ifferent; where African Americans were moved to a new location either through being sold or being transferred. Because of the desperate need of slaves in order to earnRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade2968 Words   |  12 Pageshistory of slavery is long, documented, captured in photos and personal narratives of slaves and slave owners. There are many accounts of how slavery started, the horrific stories of transporting slaves and what they were used for throughout history. To start at the beginning you have to start with how slaves were placed in different countries and continents where they were not born. Most know about the Atlantic slave trade that effected North America, South America and the Caribbean. Slavery existedRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade1889 Words   |  8 PagesFor over 2,000 years, slavery has been conducted in various parts of the world. From year 1500 to year 1900, Europeans stole individuals from West Africa, West Central Africa, and Southeast Africa a nd shipped them to the different parts of the Atlantic. This process dehumanized them of their identity. Europeans stole husbands, wives, merchants, blacksmiths, farmers, and even children. They removed them from their homelands and gave them new names: slaves. European slaveholders never thought to take

Music over decades free essay sample

Asses music reflected the pain of World War II while also trying to remain upbeat and looking towards a positive future full of possibilities. The music of the sasss consisted mainly of Jazz, big band, and swing. ( These styles were popular thanks to musicians strikes In 1942 and 1948 and eventually gave way to Crooners later In the decade. Crooners was a term used to describe male vocalists that often had powerful, professionally trained voices and maintained a specific posture or stage presence that could be described as intimate.Successful crooners include Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Perry Com, and Dean Martin, among many others. 2. Asses Music of the sasss reflected the beginnings of major social changes in the world and in the US, especially. Rock n Roll, RB, and traditional pop ruled the charts while radio and television connected the country In our musical tastes and exposed the nation to a greater variety of artists and styles. We will write a custom essay sample on Music over decades or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the first major superstars of music emerged from this decade with people like: Elvis Presley dominating the airwaves and the minds of young girls. . Asses The sounds of the Asses straddled a large dichotomy between the ultimate commercialism with completely manufactured bands (like The Archives and The Monkeys) and revolutionary artistry ( Bob Dylan and Jim Hendrix) with some of the greatest singer-songwriters and instrumentalists emerging on the scene. There were also many bands and artists that walked the line between commercialism and musical Innovation Like The Battles, Simon Garfield, and The Rolling Stones.The Battles dominated the charts and spurred on the British Invasion that characterized much of the decade. 4. Sass The sasss served as a bridge between the seriousness of the music that came out of the late sixties and the excessiveness of music from the sasss. Disco became one of the biggest and most despised trends in music during the decade. Its a dance style that was characterized by an electric sound and a strong beat. It was so pervasive that many established singers and bands came out with disco songs to keep up with the trends.KC and the Sunshine Band, ABA (the most successful group of the sub Walla People, Donna Summer and The Bee Gees were the leading talents In this mere. The popularity of the disco was propelled by successful films featuring the music and lifestyle, such as Saturday Night Fever. In the sasss music was dramatically changed by the introduction of MAT (Music Television). His meant that music videos became more and more of a necessity in order for artists to gain popularity (especially with the youth) and sell records.Even the innovations in the technology used to create musical instrument and recording equipment has effected what styles and songs are made and popular within the music landscape. Throughout this presentation we will try to briefly cover the types of music that were popular since the sasss up until the asses day by providing lists of genres and artists as well as some historical context. Keep in mind a lot of this information is subjective and we have tried our best to cover the most popular elements of the history of music. Music over decades free essay sample Successful crooners include Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Perry Com, and Dean Martin, among many others. 2. Sass Music of the 1 sass reflected the beginnings of major social changes in the world and in the US, especially. Rock n Roll, RB, and traditional pop ruled the charts while radio and television connected the country in our musical tastes and exposed the nation to a greater variety of artists and styles. Some of the first major superstars of music emerged from this decade with people like: Elvis Presley dominating the airwaves and the minds of young girls. . Sass The sounds of the Sass straddled a large dichotomy between the ultimate commercialism with completely manufactured bands (like The Archives and The Monkeys) and revolutionary artistry ( Bob Dylan and Jim Hendrix) With some of the greatest singer-songwriters and instrumentalists emerging on the scene. There were also many bands and artists that walked the line between commercialism and musical innovation like The Beetles, Simon Guarantee, and The Rolling Stones. We will write a custom essay sample on Music over decades or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Beetles dominated the charts and spurred on the British Invasion that characterized much of the decade. 4. Sass The sasss served as a bridge between the seriousness of the music that came out of the late sixties and the excessiveness of music from the 1 asss. Disco became one of the biggest and most despised trends in music during the decade. Its a dance style that was characterized by an electric sound and a strong beat. It was so pervasive that many established singers and bands came out with disco songs to keep up with the trends.KC and the Sunshine Band, ABA (the most successful group of the ass), Village People, Donna Summer and The Bee Gees were the leading talents in this genre. The popularity of the disco was propelled by successful films featuring the music and lifestyle, such as Saturday Night Fever. 5. Sass In the 1 asss music was dramatically changed by the introduction of MAT (Music Television). His meant that music videos became more and more of a necessity in order for artists to gain popularity (especially with the youth) and sell records.A greater importance was placed on the appearance of musicians and gimmicks became commonplace. Michael Jackson emerged as one of the most dominant artists of the decade and was helped by his retrieve music videos and pure talent, with his Thriller album and video setting pop music standards. New Wave and Synch-Pop were popular genres and their electronic sounds fit perfectly with the beginnings of the computer age. Hair Metal bands also became popular during the decade with their theatrical and outrageous music videos and performances. Hip-Hop also came into the mainstream during the decade. 6. Sass Like the sixties, the sasss was a decade of extremes with under-produced, anti-establishment grunge bands and gangster rapper. County music ann. Pop music enjoyed major growth. (details) The decade was ruled by powerful singers with Maria Carrey, Cline Din, and Whitney Houston topping the charts. Many artists personal problems including drug abuse and rap feuds overshadowed a lot of the talent during the decade as well. 7. SASS Hip-hop and rap music became influential with the popularity of artists such as Mine, The Black Eyed Peas, Jay-Z, Kenya West and Timberland. Pop music became the most popular genre. Details) For a decade filled with much suffering in terms of the September 1 lath attacks, two wars in the Middle East, and an economic downturn, a lot of the music had to strike a fine balance between upbeat and optimistic while still reflecting the pain that many experienced Other popular genres: Dance-pop, Indies Rock, and Memo. Not only does music change with society but it changes with technological advances as well. Technology can allow new styles to emerge and new ways for people to listen. From radio to television, and records to the internet, music and the way we consume it has dramatically changed in the past events years.